The Black Of Black And 70s - 1188 Words

Movies are more than a form of entrainment. They are pieces of art that express social and political problems within the culture. The Black male character and culture has not always been a predominant figure in films like they are today. The display of the African American culture in film has progressed through the years. It has progressed by the change of racism displayed on screen, the character roles, and the emergence black figures and society in motion pictures. (How racism is depicted in the films- Black face-we would see it again) With movies such as Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, Shaft, Do The Right Thing, and Madea’s Family Reunion. People see the transformation of black cinema throughout the years. Films of the 60s, 70s, and 80s have significant differences from contemporary productions as the standards of culture shift in the decades. Before the audience can note the rise of black figures and standards in film. They must have recognition of the history of blac k cinema before its transition into the mainstream. Displays of black character roles and black culture from earlier films like Birth of a Nation (1915) and Gone with the Wild (1939) have a different representation on the view of black society and how racism was addressed in those times. In these earlier films blacks were not given main roles in cinema. Blacks Americans were typically given minimal roles and â€Å"true† to race roles such as servants, slaves, butlers and etc. African Americans did not have aShow MoreRelatedA brave group of young men and women, black and white alike traveled through the south to support900 Words   |  4 Pages A brave group of young men and women, black and white alike traveled through the south to support black rights (Adamson 39-70). Contributors did not use violence or fight to make a difference (Adamson 39-70). They simply avoided the hate and anger they somehow held inside. Riders traveled through many states, carrying with them a motiv e, which they were on this ride. Blacks had rights too. The patriotic group the Freedom Riders traveled non-stop towards the south to fight for African Americans.Read MoreAfrican Americans And Film And Television Production1621 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"white television shows. These television shows related to the white society which were aired in a ironically important time period in African American history. During the 60’s the civil rights movement was a powerful effort towards equality for the black community. Although African American’s were not landing their own shows and film, they did protest for their rights as citizens. From their actions, you can conclude that television and acting was not as important as their rights for equality. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Glenda Price Carter 909 Words   |  4 Pagesretired and became a third grade teacher at Greenwood Elementary School, Newport News, VA. Glenda Price-Carter is my mother and to me the strongest women for her sacrifice of so many years to her country. I believe that if Glenda allowed racism of the 70s and 80s around her stop herm, she wouldn’t be the women she is today. In the years of 1961-1968 African Americans saw a wave of new attacks and discrimination toward them. With the Cold War waging as well it seemed as though African Americans wereRead MoreThe Plague Of The Black Plague1624 Words   |  7 PagesThere was no escape from what became known as the Black Death of the fourteenth century, possible death to most, spread by measly fleas and rats. Because of the rapid outbreak of this terrifying disease, death defying symptoms, and resulted in the death of 25 million people, the Black Plague is considered the greatest catastrophe ever.†¯ †¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The Black Plague started in Italy. The plague traveled from Italy to Europe. 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There were significant improvements to black lies that took place during this period such as their freedom of movement, re-unification of family units and improvements in education. However reconstruction also failed to secure racial equality in many ways. Black people were still economically deprived and there was no real political equality as most black peopleRead MoreGraduation Speech : A College Application And Writing An Essay Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesHistorically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) are higher education institutions specifically established to educate African Americans. Although one can and will receive a degree within their major at either of the two, it is better to be a part of a University where a person knows the birthplace, can personally relate to, and most importantly feel comfortable. The dominant focus of this essay will be on the discussion of statistics at both Predominantly White Institutions and Historically Black CollegesRead MoreEssay Oppresive Force964 Words   |  4 PagesJames Baldwin’s â€Å"If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?† discusses the power in language and how it is defined as a tool for communication but is used to shape people’s perception of others. Both Tan and Baldwin state that language is used as an oppressive force that doesn’t properly acknowledge minorities and the lack of proficiency in â€Å"standard† English doesn’t allow them to participate with society equally. Within Baldwin’s essay he makes it clear that the black community is notRead MoreBlack Women Need Help Too !946 Words   |  4 PagesBlack Women Need Help Too! â€Å"Black woman are raised to epitomize â€Å"strong black women† in the most exemplary fashion possible, and faithfully to remain one without pause or rest until the grim reaper relieved us of the burdens of our mortality. This is a slight exaggeration of course, but the point I am trying to make is that there is this notion that black women should have everything in order all the time. This is not always the case. Research shows that 72% of black children are born to singleRead MoreThey Say: Ida B. Wells Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesThey Say 1) Lynching a) Nelson’s hanging: Husband stole cow, son killed amp; shot deputy. Woman and son hung from bridge (pg. 7) i) â€Å"She was very small of stature, very black, about thirty years old,† the newspapers reported, â€Å"and vicious†. ii) The boy: â€Å"fourteen and yellow and ignorant†, according to papers. b) ‘It is generally thought that the Negroes got what would have been due them under process of law. (page 8) c) â€Å"This may be â€Å"southern Brutality’

Wilfred Owens Poetry Expresses Strong and Impressive...

Wilfred Owen’s poetry often expresses a strong and impressive feeling of the persona. The poems ‘Storm’ and ‘Maundy Thursday’, both convey a man’s powerful, physical attractiveness to the persona. Owen uses his skillful writing to achieve such a strong impression of this in these two poems. In each poem, Owen uses the form and structure of the poem, diction of the poem, as well as poetic devices and figurative language to portray the feelings and thoughts of the persona. The form and structure of both poems is a hybrid sonnet form, which develops and presents the key ideas of the poem. In ‘Storm’, the octet shows the attractiveness of the man to the persona and the persona’s desire to attract the attention of that man. Then, in the sestet the persona realizes the risk, yet still wants to try to attract the man he admires so much. He is even prepared for this to take over his whole life – ‘and happier were it if my sap consume.’ This shows that the persona does not care of what other people think of his behavior and he may appears completely ridiculous in other people’s eyes. ‘What matter if all men cry aloud and start,/ And women hide bleak faces in their shawl,/ At those hilarious thunders of my fall?’ Wilfred Owen reveals the attractiveness of the man to the persona in a completely different way in the second poem ‘Maundy Thursday’; He uses the behavior of other people to compare and contrast the action of the persona when the silver cross offers to be kissed. Then theShow MoreRelatedThe Harsh Realities of War Illustrated in Dulce et Decorum Est?1453 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the course of Dulce et Decorum Est, by Wilfred Owen, the Horatian image of a glorified and idealized war is stripped away to reveal the bitter and vicious nature of a new era in the history of conflict. Language and imagery are employed to great effect in conveying this notion, in the rejection of the ‘strong and patriotic soldier’ stereotype, the description of the chlorine gas attack, the portrayal of the agonized and dying soldier, and the final scathing invective against those who exalt

Research Paper (Football’s Effects on Personal Health) Free Essays

string(139) " reason it is so effective in improving someone’s health is because it keeps the heart beating at a high rate for a long period of time\." Rodney Whitehead Eng 102 Research Paper 12/10/08 Football A person’s health is one of the most important things to maintain throughout his/her life. Playing sports is a fun and effective way to stay healthy mentally as well as physically. Football is an extremely physical, mentally advanced sport and is an excellent example of this. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper (Football’s Effects on Personal Health) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Football is an effective way to improve the physical, mental and social aspects of a person’s health. Football dates as far back as ancient Greece. Greeks made these games, which compare to modern football, to simulate warfare and battle strategies. If you know how an ancient phalanx works, you can find similarities between it and how the offensive and defensive line interact. It’s mostly just a lot of pushing and shoving with intent to penetrate the line and break the phalanx using shields and spears in a tactical fashion to create an ideally impenetrable unit. The linebackers, and defensive backs would represent the secondary defenses. The offensive backs and receivers represented the higher ranks of warriors. It was a game they played to showcase their skills, and it was an alternative of staying in shape without spending hours in the gymnasium. It also gave them more social interactions with people who had similar interests. The game of football has without a doubt become more advanced. It has become an multitude of associations and leagues each with their own individual rules and regulations. The game itself can be very confusing to understand from a foreign standpoint. However, the object of the game is simple. The team with the ball has to get it into the opposing teams endzone. Obviously it is more complicated than that but it’s the basic idea. When weighing the pros and cons of impacts on health with playing football, there are some negative aspects that go along with it such as injuries, risks with playing in severely cold weather, and other minor problems players might have with chronic pain or irritations on the body which include joint damage, turf toe and athletes foot, etc. Injuries in professional football do happen often, but it’s a part of playing the game. I personally would have rather broken every limb on my body than not ever have played football. According to Ernest Needham, injuries are abundant but not overwhelming considering the amount of people who play the sport. â€Å"We all know that accidents will happen in the best regulated of sports (even pedestrians are not free from them); but accidents of a serious or fatal nature are very rare considering the thousands who play, and it is questionable whether the percentage does not compare favorably with those of other pastimes (Unk 1-Par 7)†. All other health risks of football which are but minor compared to injuries should just be something athletes should go through to play such a fun and beneficial game. In my eyes, football is one hundred percent beneficial. One of the best things about football is that there is a spot for and type of person. Basically big, strong men play on the line; small, fast men can usually play as cornerbacks and safeties; strong and fast men will usually play running back or linebacker; and the tall, fast guys who can catch make good receivers. One aspect of football that makes it good for human health and development is the extra conditioning that is required to stay in shape. Conditioning mainly is based around running. A good thing for football players to practice and develop often is sprinting. Speed is the most important factor when playing football and it is extremely beneficial to one’s health to sprint on a regular basis. It allows the heart to adapt and operate at higher speeds without such a high exhaustion factor as would usually be the case for someone who doesn’t sprint regularly or at all for that matter. Football builds up strength and endurance in every part of your body. It increases your cardiovascular muscles and decreases your resting heart rate. You also become more balanced by learning different techniques and it develops the footwork of athletes to build speed and quickness. Unk 3 Par 2) Sprinting is most commonly practiced in what we call circuits or pyramids. A circuit is a multitude of different types of sprints performed in a row with little or no rest. For example, an athlete would start with seated arm sprints and when the whistle blows, he would get up and sprint to the forty yard cone at full speed. When he reaches the cone he would back pedal 20 yards, then do fifteen seconds of high knees. After this he would then sprint out the remaining forty yards. Circuits can be performed in any order with any combination of sprinting exercises. Circuits promote endurance, acceleration, speed and exercise diversity which is an important part of adaptive health as well as a vital skill one needs to play football. Sprinting pyramids go along with the idea of starting out small and gradually increasing distance and intensity. Let’s say you’re on a standard track. From the starting line, the sprinter would sprint a short ten yards, touch the line and come back. This is followed by increments of ten usually. Once the pyramid reaches sixty yards out, the sprinter gradually goes back down in increments of ten to act as a cool-down. Pyramids develop an athletes agility, endurance and also builds an athletes ability to sprint with stability and control. As a result, sprinting is extremely beneficial to an athletes health and well-being and this demonstrates how the sprinting aspect of football is a major part in the health of an individual. Most teams also coach their athletes to run long distances. Long distance running is an excellent way to boost a human’s cardiovascular stamina and increase the strength in an athletes fast-twitch muscle system in his/her legs. The reason it is so effective in improving someone’s health is because it keeps the heart beating at a high rate for a long period of time. You read "Research Paper (Football’s Effects on Personal Health)" in category "Free Research Paper Samples" This sends oxygen quickly to all the body’s key receptors which is essential to maintain motor skills, and better a human’s growth and blood flow. It also enables the heart to adapt and strengthen to be able to handle such a strain for such a long period of time. This helps athletes keep energy during games and practice without getting as tired. Long distance running is usually done as a team or in smaller groups throughout the team. For example, the backs receivers will run in one group and the lineman and linebackers will run in the other. The distance teams run always varies based on the coaches, how the practice has gone so far, and the weather, but usually when I say â€Å"a long distance run†, I mean at the very least one mile. Take me for example. I run one and a half miles every day before I strength train. I don’t consider that to be a long distance run at all. It’s more like a little warm up. On Fridays I run three miles which judging by how tired I am after, I consider to be long distance running. What defines the term â€Å"long distance running† is the physical abilities of the athlete and how much they are willing to sacrifice to be a healthy person and an excellent football player. Running in football is a great building block to a healthy lifestyle. Usually people who run and do other exercises regularly will generally have more energy throughout the day than non-athletes. People who have not experienced this first-hand may think otherwise. They might think that if someone exercises everyday, it would drain them and make them tired all the time. That is definitely not the case. Exercise lowers your heart rate in times of inactivity allowing the body to operate using less energy than someone who’s heart rate may be higher during times of inactivity. For example an idle body which has a heart rate of 70 regularly will use more energy than an athlete with an idle heart rate of 52. Therefore an athlete will generally have more energy when not exercising. Overall, running is an important part of football and an excellent way to stay in shape. In the sport of football, it is essential to compete with one another to be the strongest and the fastest. This being said, strength training is extremely important and is also highly beneficial to the sport. Their are many lifts that are specific to football, but weight lifting in general is a remarkably healthy life practice. First of all, it takes a lot of calories to build and maintain muscle, therefore just weightlifting alone could be a great way to get rid of fat. Basically, if someone lift weights to lose fat, he/she will be losing fat and replacing it with muscle making him/her leaner, lighter and stronger. Lifting weights is also a healthy way to socialize. When an athlete lifts weights, he/she usually uses a spotter and if they both are in the same strength range they will usually do all their lifts together and create a friendly relationship with one another. Team chemistry is also something that is taught and practiced in all leagues. The coaches usually try to ensure the cooperation and friendship of all their teammates. This builds builds the bonds that keep a team strong and the benefit an athletes mental and social health. An person’s mental health is probably more important that his/her physical health. Football is an excellent way to develop mental strong mental health. In most cases, players need to remember all the different plays and formation in a playbook to run a solid offense. That should be easy for most people with half a brain but they also have to know how to make quick reads and shifts in blocking to make plays work based on how the defense is aligned. This is a very complex skill that only comes with experience in the game. This trait illustrates a strong mentality which is extremely healthy to develop especially in early years. According to Abby Lerner’s quote from Sian Beilock, associate professor in psychology at the University of Chicago, playing football plays a big role in developing essential language skills students need to understand complex situations. â€Å"Experience playing and watching sports has enduring effects on language understanding by changing the neural networks that support comprehension to incorporate areas active in performing sports skills,† Beilock said. (Lerner Par 4) He also said that the findings may soon be applied to education. For example, the best way to teach kids about momentum and physics may not be assigning lengthy reading assignments, but getting them up from their desks and moving. â€Å"The experience of acting something out may help them understand the concept much better (Lerner Par 5)†. Football also promotes a healthier diet. The coaches stress that their players eat healthy and many of them put their athletes on a strict eating plan. Athletes in professional football and high high division college football are usually given a meal plan to improve their health and well-being. A good meal plan would consist of foods high in protein and carbohydrates in the morning, foods high in carbohydrates at noon, and high protein and vitamins in the evening such as boiled chicken and green vegetables. Such practices, along with exercising, weightlifting and stretching, can actually reduce the risk of injury. A balanced diet can also help keep the digestive system regulated. Eating the right foods at the right times is an important part of staying healthy so it is no wonder that the health driven sport of football practices sticking to a healthy diet. Football is an extremely disciplined and physical sport, but it is probably the most fun a person can have if he/she is trying to stay healthy. Through the coaching of strength, conditioning, dieting and enhanced brain activity, football is a great way to improve the physical and mental health of individuals of all ages. Works Cited Author Unknown1. â€Å"Health Risks of Playing Football†. Publisher Unknown www. spartacus. schoolnet. co. uk/Fhealth. htm This articles focuses on the downside to football. It illustrates certain health risks and diseases that may be caused by playing football, both long term and short term. It tends to use a lot of statistics and credited facts throughout the article. In fact, the bulk of the article is composed of these statistics and facts. Little is shown of the writer’s own input of the subject. Author Unknown2. â€Å"Football improves health of the community†. Publisher Unknown http://www. dh. gov. uk/en/News/DH_4111986 This article illustrates the positive physical effects of football. It points out that the sport promotes a healthier diet, teaches drug and alcohol awareness and promotes good sexual health as well as social inclusion. Author Unknown3. What are the benefits of football†. Wiki-Answers. http://wiki. answers. com/Q/ This is sort of a Q and A format article. It asks the question; What are the health and physical benefits of playing football? It is followed by multiple answers from anonymous contributors. Some answers are straight and to the point and some go in depth with exciting facts in vivid detail. Lerner, Abby. â€Å"The Best Reason to Watch More Football†. Men’s Health. http://www. menshealth. com/cda/article Watching football is had been a proven way of increasing brain activity and comprehension efficiency. This article developes reasons of how and why it does and it explains them in depth. Moor, Craeg(? ). â€Å"Improve mental health through playing football†.  © 2008 Adfero Ltd. craegmoor. co. uk/news/industry/18518880/ The mental health benefits of playing football are beyond significant. Football is a great way to socialize and develop relationships with other players in an informal, fun way which has effects on a person’s emotions, relationships, identity and self-esteem. This article develops these benefits in a very compact article in which I will probably have to use sentence numbers. How to cite Research Paper (Football’s Effects on Personal Health), Essays

Heart Disease Essay Example For Students

Heart Disease Essay The cardiovascular system (comprising of the heart, arteries and veins) isessential for keeping homeostasis balanced throughout the body. The heart works as a pump to push blood containing oxygen and nutrientsthrough the extensive network of arteries and arterioles to replenishorgans, tissues and respiring cells, once replenishment has taken placewaste products and carbon dioxide are removed and taken back to the heartin the blood stream through veins and venules to be redirected through thepulmonary circulation back to the lungs to be deoxygenised (see appendix1). The heart also needs to be replenished with oxygen rich blood to survive;blood is supplied to the heart by the coronary circulation (see appendix2). Just like any other organ in the body, the heart and surrounding vesselsare susceptible to disease. One of these many diseases is Coronary HeartDisease. Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of premature death in theUnited Kingdom. On average every year 110.000 people die from heartrelated diseases, whilst 300.000 people have heart attacks and more than1.4 million suffer from angina, (British Heart Foundation 2001).CHD iscaused by a number of risk factors (risk factors are issues that cancontribute to a disease). Risk factors associated with CHD are high bloodpressure (hypertension), cigarette smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity,obesity (being overweight), and high blood cholesterol. As fatty foods are consumed and digestion initiates, saturated fats fromthe digested food is broken down by the liver to produce cholesterol. Passing into the bloodstream the cholesterol combines with proteins tocreate lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are used for transporting numeroustypes of lipids to and from the cells. Lipoproteins are divided into twocategories, high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins(LDL). HDLs remove excess cholesterol from the cells and transports it tothe liver to be destroyed, whereas LDLs are responsible for supplyingcells with cholesterol. The cells in the body have LDL receptors attachedto them. Once inside the cell the LDL is broken down and cholesterol isreleased to fulfil the cells requirements.When the cell has adequatecholesterol to function a negative feedback prevents the cell from makingnew LDL receptors.Unfortunately CHD can also be a genetic disease,thought to be caused by a mutation in the apolipoprotein B (main protein inthe low density lipoprotein group).The mutation causes insufficientproduction of receptors and therefore high levels of cholesterol arereleased incr easing the susceptibility to CHD.With the combination ofhigh levels of LDL and raised levels of homocysteine (an amino acid,building blocks that make up protein) derived from methionine another aminoacid which is found in eggs, milk and meat atherosclerosis occurs (seeappendix 3). Atherosclerosis is caused by a build-up of cholesterol and fatty substanceson the inner wall of the artery, beginning as fatty streaks which graduallydevelop to form lumps known as plaques (see appendix 4). Raisedhomocysteine levels damage the lining of the artery whilst plaques assistthe walls of the artery to thicken and harden therefore the lumen of theartery narrows. This results in myocardial ischemia (poor blood flow tothe heart) and the oxygen needs being suspended (hypoxia). As the heartsrequests for oxygen surpass the amount available the heart omits warningsigns in the form of tightening and pain in the chest, sometimes extendingto the upper extremities, lumber area and abdomen, this is clinicallyreferred to as stable angina. In extreme cases of atherosclerosis theplaques in the misshapen coronary artery affect blood flow resulting in thedevelopment of blood clots (thrombus) When a thrombus occurs (see appendix5), it blocks the artery triggering an attack of unstable angina , if theheart continues to be starved of oxygen for more than a few minutes theheart muscle begins to die resulting in myocardial infarction (heartattack). Myocardial infarction can contribute to total starvation of theheart resulting in congestive heart failure and inventively death. .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .postImageUrl , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:hover , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:visited , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:active { border:0!important; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:active , .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1c6255760acac4df59301ec4ee2e083c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tree Conservation EssaySome heart attacks can be looked upon as warning signs and that a change inlifestyle is required. There are many prescribed medications available toreduce the risks of heart failure, for example; aspirin is used to reducethe stickiness of the platelets therefore reducing the risk of blood clots(thrombus). Diuretics (which target the kidneys to increase excretion ofwater in the urine) these reduce blood pressure and build-up of water intissues (oedema). Lipid lowering drugs (statins) raise the amount of highdensity lipoproteins (good cholesterol) and lower low density lipoproteins(bad cholesterol), these work by inhibiting the enzyme involved in thesy nthesis of cholesterol. The administration of these drugs are designedto be incorporated into a newly modified lifestyle. Practitioners will advise CHD patients to reassess their former standard ofliving and introduce an alternative healthier option.To achieve anoverall healthy eating plan the patient should endeavour to consume fivefruit and vegetable portions daily, use only low fat or fat-free dairyproducts, include six wholegrain foods (found in cereals and bread), eatonly lean meat and remove skin from poultry, try to include two portions offish weekly, especially fatty fish (sardines, pilchards) containing largeamounts of omega 3 oils as it helps to reduce the risk of CHD and improvesthe chance of survival after a heart attack. Limit sugary foods and foodswith no nutritional value (fast food fries), cut down on trans-fats(partially hydrogenated vegetable oils) these consist of pastries, crispsand some margarines. Avoid using sodium (salt), limit alcohol intake toone drink a day or if possible cease drinking alcohol altogether. If a CHD patient follows a sensible diet, controls other risk factors,(smoking and alcohol) partakes in exercise (which helps to lower andcontrol blood pressure, and combined with a healthy diet increases physicalfitness) and takes possible medication prescribed by the doctor (somepatients may not be administrated any medication), there is a strongpossibility the patient will carry on to have an extended healthier life. Although the majority of all patients will need to attend the doctorssurgery for regular health checks (blood cholesterol tests, blood pressurechecks and weight checks) to clarify the body is still responsive to thealternative changes. In some CHD patients modifying risk factors are notenough and surgery is performed to combat chances of heart failure. Surgery of the coronary arteries isreferredtoasPercutaneousTransluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA). Several types of procedures maybe performed ranging from balloon angioplasty (a small balloon insertedinto the blocked artery to widen the artery for blood flow) (see appendix6); to coronary artery bypass (patches of veins and arteries from anotherpart of the body are removed and placed into the heart in an attempt tobypass the blocked arteries) (see appendix 7).All surgical procedureshave the chance of failure especially with the delicate tissues of theheart. The fundamental key to coronary heart disease is prevention.People livein ignorance about disease and only show signs of interest if theunthinkable happens to them or a family member.If the whole populationwas to be forewarned about the risk of CHD or coronary heart failure at anearlier age the consequences could be lessened.Children should beeducated on how diseases can affect the body and also how to avoid them;they should be taught how to look after their bodies, physically throughexercise, eating healthier diets and the avoidance of smoking and drinking.

Marketing Mix in Cafe Coffee Day free essay sample

Create a 5 page website for showcasing your products a. Home ( Group collaboration) i. Describe your company, the products you are selling, membership form, link to other pages b. Products 1 (member 1) i. Minimum of 5 products, with an image, name, desciption, price value, buy option, link to other pages c. Products 1 (member 2) ink to other pages d. Products 1 (member 3) link to other pages e. Products 1 (member 4) link to other pages f. Products 1 (member 5) link to other pages The 2nd and 3rd page are sample layouts (home and individual pages), the code on the 4th page is an example of a form that should be in the bottom right part of the Home Page Home Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5

Free Essays on Beyond the Veil

â€Å"Beyond the Veil† As a result of the Islamic Revolution that took place seventeen years ago, a series of forces were unleashed which have transformed and reshaped the face of Iranian soci-ety in every aspect imaginable. These changes have rocked not only the political and economic spheres of Iran, but even more fundamentally, culture and society. These changes have negatively affected women’s social, political, and economic status in Iran. When the new government achieved power, women were once again subjugated and restricted to the confines of their homes. Not only did women have to wear their tent-like veils, the mentality that wives existed only to take care of their children and serve their husbands was encouraged by the government. This is very similar to gender roles. Gender roles are the rights, responsibilities, expectations, and relationships of women and men in a society. In every aspect of their lives, women were discriminated against. Women were seen as sexual objects, obsessed with luring men to fulfill their own sexual desires. The veil became a good way to cover up these â€Å"sexual† beings, so that men could be protected from falling prey to temptation. Their belief is that women enjoy wearing the veil and welcome the restrictive na-ture of Islamic rule because it provides security and structure for them. The hijab is seen as liberating because through it, women were no longer viewed by men as sexual beings but rather as equals. The reasoning behind this view was that since men were not tempted by a woman’s figure and shape, they could conduct themselves as equals. On its face, such an argument is clearly lacking any logic or common sense. Taking indices such as the position of women within marriage, the treatment of her sexu-ality, her position in the eyes of the law, employment, and education, one can easily con-clude that the majority of women are not equal and in fact, are discriminated ... Free Essays on Beyond the Veil Free Essays on Beyond the Veil â€Å"Beyond the Veil† As a result of the Islamic Revolution that took place seventeen years ago, a series of forces were unleashed which have transformed and reshaped the face of Iranian soci-ety in every aspect imaginable. These changes have rocked not only the political and economic spheres of Iran, but even more fundamentally, culture and society. These changes have negatively affected women’s social, political, and economic status in Iran. When the new government achieved power, women were once again subjugated and restricted to the confines of their homes. Not only did women have to wear their tent-like veils, the mentality that wives existed only to take care of their children and serve their husbands was encouraged by the government. This is very similar to gender roles. Gender roles are the rights, responsibilities, expectations, and relationships of women and men in a society. In every aspect of their lives, women were discriminated against. Women were seen as sexual objects, obsessed with luring men to fulfill their own sexual desires. The veil became a good way to cover up these â€Å"sexual† beings, so that men could be protected from falling prey to temptation. Their belief is that women enjoy wearing the veil and welcome the restrictive na-ture of Islamic rule because it provides security and structure for them. The hijab is seen as liberating because through it, women were no longer viewed by men as sexual beings but rather as equals. The reasoning behind this view was that since men were not tempted by a woman’s figure and shape, they could conduct themselves as equals. On its face, such an argument is clearly lacking any logic or common sense. Taking indices such as the position of women within marriage, the treatment of her sexu-ality, her position in the eyes of the law, employment, and education, one can easily con-clude that the majority of women are not equal and in fact, are discriminated ...

Image Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Image Analysis - Essay Example At one point or the other people may undergo depression, stress and serious emotional problems because of their physical inability they find themselves into such as disability. Such kind of conditions may be permanent and the only option to bring happiness and put a smile on such kind of people is love. Poverty, disability and age cannot stop individuals who decide to overcome their conditions through happiness, determination, passion and love. The man in the image is actually one out of a million considering her capabilities that undeniably overcome her disability and conditions. He is pushing himself harder with sheer determination and he seems to have accepted his conditions. The man is so masculine despite the fact that he does not have one of his legs. He does an extraordinary thing of cycling the bicycle yet two legged people can only cycle the bicycle. He has a strong spirit that does not give up and does not look back at his physical condition. His three-legged bicycle is ver y old but he still manages to carry her mother. He seems to believe that he can achieve immensely great things with his bicycle. He uses his single leg to cycle his bicycle and this is only possible to someone who has made a decision to press on regardless of the disability. Most people with disability may decide to turn to street beggars or any other ting that does not involve physical work simply because they regard themselves as completely disable and do not want to work hard. However, this man has gone beyond all odds to set pace for most of the people with similar condition but just relax and take excuse of their disability. According to the man, it is apparent the most important thing in human beings is the strength of the spirit, determination and passion inside him or her but not their physical conditions. The man has proved his inner strength, which is more powerful than his disability. There is passion love and kindness that is evident between the men his mother. The man s eems poor but so caring and loving for his mother. He seems to believe that money is not everything and that care and love plays an important thing in human life. The man’s love for his mother is unconditional despite the fact that the woman is old. Perhaps any other man would have left his mother at such a condition. The woman receives great warmth from her son who offers to take care of her despite his low social status and disability. He has kept his mother warm by dressing her in heavy clothes. The look on his face does not reflect any frustration but strong determination and passion to serve his mother. He pushes the bicycle hard and this is evident on his hands with protruding veins. The man is undeniably one of the dutiful sons ever living who would do absolutely everything to serve their mothers. Lacking the most stable source of income seem to motivate him to work even harder and strengthens the bond between him and his mother. This image shows the strength and natur e of people who refuse to give up. It is worth noting that there are more important things to every man than the outer physical appearance. Disability is actually not inability and people can do greater things amidst their physical challenges. Whoever is determined and passionate about their dreams cannot be stopped by mere challenges such as disability and emotional problems because they focus beyond their status. There are many people who do not have any

Arbitration Law UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Arbitration Law UK - Essay Example In addition to this, the decision given by the arbitration is considered final. Any further reaction to the arbitration decision should then consider the stipulated laws, as stated by the arbitration act 1996 (ref 1). To begin with, the parties have various obligation s and duties for a successful arbitration agreement. The parties have to act on their duties promptly for a complete arbitration and resolution of the situation, as stated by the arbitration act 1996 (ref 1). First, the parties have to make an agreement to submit the dispute in question to the arbitration. This is the initial step that is considered before the onset of arbitration. This is factual since the parties have not settled on an agreement in their dispute. Therefore, relieving the dispute to arbitration is a considerable approach that would solve the situation. However, the concerned parties have to insist on the agreement of relieving the case to the arbitration. The mutual consent in this agreement gives the arbitration a legal step that would initiate the proceedings. With such an approach, both parties will be at ease with the solution that will be initiated by the arbitration that is of choice. ... In addition to this, all the parties are required to act appropriately in matters concerning the courts (ref 2). This is in light with any requirements that should be given by the courts to assist in the expedition of the case. This obligation relieves the arbitration of extra time wasted in waiting for legal documents that maybe offered by the courts to assist in conducting the case. In all arbitration cases, the arbitrator has vital roles in execution of the case. To begin with, the arbitrator is the binding party in the dispute. The arbitrator is a considerable binding factor in any case, as he or she is set to solve an existing dispute. Therefore, the arbitrator is mandated to ensure the parties involved in the dispute are in agreement. In this section, the arbitrator has the obligation of ensuring the resolution of the dispute mends the bond between the two parties involved in the dispute. Under this duty, the arbitrator has a mandate of choice for the time and place of hearing (ref 2). The arbitrator has to make a choice of a convenient venue, which is acceptable by both parties, and at an appropriate time. This will give room for an expedition of a fair and a hearing that is considered impartial. In addition tom this, the arbitrator is mandated to ensure the arbitration is conducted in utter order, and does not infringe the rights of the concerned parties. This involves giving a final decision that is acceptable to all the parties. According to the arbitration act 1996, chapter 23, the arbitrator has a mandate to avoid any indulgence of personal and interpersonal interests in the arbitration (ref 1). This duty is to ensure there is formal

Coursework for Job application Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Coursework for Job application - Essay Example The Ofcom website tells of a minimum requirement of a 2:1 achievement in a degree in which the relevant subject must form all, or a significant part, of the degree. I satisfy this requirement easily. In addition, my outstanding academic results have allowed me to obtain the TARC Engineering Scholarship for my Diploma. I strongly participate in extra-curricular activities, which was recognized by my achieving the UNSW Faculty of Engineering Dean’s Award 2008. Through my involvement in extracurricular activities at school, I have developed a sense of responsibility and a deeper understanding of dealing with people, which are the key skills Ofcom requires of its graduates. Broadcasting and Telecommunications is my specialization. I have undergone advance training at the United Kingdom Telecommunications Academy (UKTA). In UKTA, I completed the program in Radio, Mobile and Cellular Communications conducted at Blandford Forum, Dorset as provided by SCN Ltd. I spent my placement year with Global Communication Technologies Ltd. Here I analyzed network designs of systems with my team. I enjoyed the network analysis and teamwork experience. I also demonstrated my initiative and my innovative thinking by designing a more practical version of the network which effectively improved communication among substations. The work I have done at Global Communication Technologies Ltd seems to mesh well with the qualifications Ofcom desires in a communications engineer. c. I can function well in any job placement. I am easily taught. Recognitions of my academic excellence (e.g. recipient of TARC Engineering Scholarship) are proof that I can think both analytically and creatively about complex problems, and explain them confidently and succinctly to a variety of audiences. a. I am a fresh graduate. Though I do have work experience

Measuring Patient Dependency in Clinical Settings

Measuring Patient Dependency in Clinical Settings Title: Should patient dependency be used to set nurse-staffing levels in general hospital wards? Introduction: In this section, we perform a literature review to discuss patient dependency in clinical settings, and examine how we can measure patient dependency levels. We also discuss whether patient dependency levels should and could form the criteria for setting nurse-staffing levels in the hospital. We will also analyze the other different methods and criteria that can help to determine nurse staffing levels within the clinical setting. Patient dependency levels indicates the requirements of nurses and the extent to which patients will need nurses for their continuous care. Nurse patient ratios are often used to discuss the nurse staffing levels and these figures indicate whether staffing levels have to be increased or decreased. We would aim our discussion of patient dependency necessitating increase in staffing levels and the patient nurse ratio as indicators of nurse staffing both within general hospital wards and at critical care and emergency units. Evidential Information Patient dependency may just form an important part of nursing staff and workload of an individual nurse. Hurst (2005) conducted an important study on the nature and value of dependency acuity quality (DAQ) demand side nursing workforce-planning methods, which are set in the context of nursing workforce planning and development. Extensive DAQ data was obtained from UK nursing workforce in 347 wards, which involved 64 high quality, and 62 low quality hospital wards. The study gives special consideration to workload and quality contexts. New insights have been generated with this study and Hurst emphasizes that poor quality care is more common in larger wards that have fluctuating and unstable workload and nurse – patient ratio. Smaller workloads having consistent and high workload of nursing staff results in inflexible nurse staffing so staff levels and performed duties remain the same. Studies definitely suggest that nursing activity and staffing differences do form an importan t part of defining and contributing to the quality of the wards with higher staffing levels and more consistent work for nurses at high quality wards and lower staffing levels and irregular services with low nurse-patient ratio in low quality wards. From this evidence, it is possible to provide recommendations for nursing management and practice and probe into more accurate relations of dependency acuity quality in DAQ measures. In a study using assessment of patient nurse dependency systems for determining nurse-patient ratio in the ICU and HDU, Adomat et al (2004) point out that a huge range of patient classification systems or tools are used in critical care units to inform workforce planning, and nursing workload although the application of these methods may not always be relevant, complete or appropriate. The systems or tools used for patient classification and categorization were developed solely for the purpose of more efficient distribution of patient across hospital sections, although now the same systems are used for workforce planning, distribution of workload, determining nurse-patient ratio in critical care settings. However these changes can raise a number of issues related to workforce planning, staffing levels and nursing management in general. Adomat and Hewison evaluate the three main assessment systems used in critical care units to effectively determine the necessary nurse-patient ratio t hat can provide the best quality service in the wards. The application of these tools is to enhance the quality of care by keeping nurse-patient ratio at its optimum. The authors suggest that decisions relating to workload planning and determining the nurse patient ratio are dependent on an understanding of the origins and purpose of the classificatory tools that categorizes patients and measures their dependency on care services. Patient dependency and classification systems as well as patient dependency scoring systems for severity of illness are measures indicating mortality and morbidity although Adomat points out that these dependency measure may not be real indicators or determinants of the nurse-patient ratio that help in measuring nursing input. The costs of providing a nursing service within critical care uses nursing intensity measures to give a framework for nursing management and patient care and also determines the exact role of patient dependency in nurse staffing leve ls. However, components of the nursing role and how it determines standards of care have not been fully determined (Adomat and Hewison, 2004). They point out that careful consideration of patient dependency and classification systems may be necessary to plan, organize and provide a cost effective critical care service. In a similar study, Adomat and Hicks (2003) evaluates the nursing workload in intensive care a there is a growing shortage of nurses in these care units. The problem identified in this shortage lies in the method for calculating the nurse/patient ratio using the Nurse Workload Patient Category scoring and classificatory system use in most intensive care units. The nurse-patient ratio is determined by using the patient category or dependency scales and the general assumption is that the more critically ill a patient is, the more care and nursing time will be required for the patient. Many critically ill patients placed on a high level of mechanical care such as a feeding or ventilator tube and in intensive units may however require less direct personal nursing care than patients who are self ventilating or have been considered to have lower levels of dependence. Thus patient dependence may be addressed by means other than direct nursing care and artificial care and support systems may b used instead of nursing staff. These and other factors show that patent dependency may not be a completely relevant measure for determining nurse –patient ratio or nurse staffing levels and many associate factors have to be considered. This study by Adomat and Hicks use a video recorder to document nurse activity in 48 continuous shifts within two intensive care units and helped to determine the accuracy of the Nursing Workload Patient Category scoring system to measure nurse workload. The data obtained from the video of nurse activity was then correlated with the Patient category scale score that was allocated to the patient by the nurse in charge. The results of this study showed that the nursing skills required in these care units were of low skill type despite the needs of care being complex in general. It was found that nurses spent less time with patients who were categorized as in need of intensive care than those in need and in high dependency range in all units. T he findings indicate that existing nurse patient ratio classifications are inappropriate as nurses spend less and less time with critically ill patients. The authors expose the flaws of classification or scaling systems that tend to correlate care with critical illness. They suggest that radical reconsideration of nursing levels and skills mix should make it possible to increase provisions and levels of intensive care providing the right numbers of staff at the appropriate units where patients need them most suggesting more flexible and alternative approaches to the use of nurse-patient ratios. In a similar study discussing relationship between workload, skill mix and staff supervision, Tibby et al (2004) proposes a systems approach and suggests that hospital adverse events or AE are more likely when sub-optimal working conditions occur. Proper working conditions are thus absolutely necessary to ensure the smooth working of the clinical setting. Tibby and colleagues analyzed the adverse events in a pediatric intensive care unit using a systems approach and observational study to investigate the association between the occurrence of these adverse events and latent risk factors including temporal workload, supervision issues, skills mix, nurse staffing and the interactions between established clinically related risk factors (Tibby et a, 2004). The data was collected form 730 nursing shifts and the analysis was done with logistic regression modeling. The rate of adverse events was 6 for every hundred patient days and the factors associated with increased AE including day shift , patient dependency, number of occupied beds, and simultaneous management related issues although these were considerably decreased with enhanced supervisory ability of the nurses. Decreased number of adverse events have been found to be related to the presence of a senior nurse in charge, high proportion of shifts handled by rostered, trained, permanent staff and the presence of junior doctors. Patient workload factors such as bed occupancy and the extent to which the patient needs help and nursing supervisory levels and level of staffing such as presence of a senior nurse have been found to be associated. This study sheds light on the factors increasing or decreasing adverse events and helps in identifying the issues closely related to the need of regulating and optimizing nurse staffing levels. As we have already suggested through a study by Adomat and Hicks, patients in high dependency units may require more frequent nursing care and higher nurse-patient ratios than critical care units where patients may be supported by artificial methods. According to a study by Garfield et al (2000) high dependency units are increasing in the hospitals and becoming more important as part of a hospital’s facilities. Although the optimum staffing ratio for patients is unknown for such units, the Department of Health and Intensive Care Society recommend a level of one nurse for every two patients. Garfield et al recorded Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System scores and Nurse Dependency Scores in high dependency units over 7 months. The results indicated a weak correlation between nurse dependency score and therapeutic intervention scoring system score. The authors argue that a nurse-patient ratio of 1:2 may be insufficient for the management of a high dependency unit and based on t heir findings recommends a nurse to patient ratio of 2:3. Balogh (1992) points out that the literature on audits of nursing care shows a strong relation between the quality of nursing care provided and nursing labour force and staffing issues. Balogh suggests that all assumptions for setting nurse staffing levels on the basis of variations in patient dependency are unscientific and there are moreover no opportunities to use personal judgment in decision-making within hospitals to determine nurse-patient ratios. Balogh points out that such methods for determining staffing levels as well as audit instruments are outdated and insufficient to optimize service levels. The paper highlights the need for greater flexibility, more decision making power, and a more significant role of nurses’ personal judgment in selection and management of appropriate nurse staffing levels in dependency and critical care units. Conclusion: In this review of literature on the exact role of patient dependency in determining nurse staffing levels, we began by suggesting that it is generally believed that the more critical condition a patient is in, the higher the requirements of direct care suggesting that nurse patient ratio should be high in critical care units. This assumption however has been refuted by studies which shows that such clear criteria may not be sufficient for nurse management and staffing level decisions and other factors have to be considered. These include artificial means of life support and other mechanical devices that minimizes the need for manual staffing and reduces a critical patient’s nursing needs. A related study suggested that high dependency units rather than critical care units should be provided with higher levels of staffing although many other factors such as supervisory levels of senior nurses, skills available and already established method of determining nurse patient ratios s eem to be crucial factors. Along with the approach taken by several authors we can also suggest that personal judgment of nurses on the care needed by patients rather than inflexible scaling or scoring systems should be used by hospitals to determine staffing levels, considering patient dependency levels as well. Bibliography Adomat R, Hicks C. Measuring nursing workload in intensive care: an observational study using closed circuit video cameras. J Adv Nurs. 2003 May;42(4):402-12. Adomat R, Hewison A. Assessing patient category/dependence systems for determining the nurse/patient ratio in ICU and HDU: a review of approaches. J Nurs Manag. 2004 Sep;12(5):299-308. Ruth Balogh Audits of nursing care in Britain: A review and a critique of approaches to validating them International Journal of Nursing Studies, Volume 29, Issue 2, May 1992, Pages 119-133 The importance of data in verifying nurse staffing requirements Intensive Care Nursing, Volume 4, Issue 1, March 1988, Pages 21-23 Lynne Callaway and Edward Major Curtis C. A system of measurement of patient dependency and nurse utilization. Aust Nurses J. 1977 Apr;6(10):36-8, 42. Donoghue J, Decker V, Mitten-Lewis S, Blay N. Critical care dependency tool: monitoring the changes. Aust Crit Care. 2001 May;14(2):56-63. Garfield M, Jeffrey R, Ridley S. An assessment of the staffing level required for a high-dependency unit. Anaesthesia. 2000 Feb;55(2):137-43. Hurst K. Relationships between patient dependency, nursing workload and quality. Int J Nurs Stud. 2005 Jan;42(1):75-84. Hearn CR, Hearn CJ. A study of patient dependency and nurse staffing in nursing homes for the elderly in three Australian states. Community Health Stud. 1986;10(3 Suppl):20s-34s. Miller A. Nurse/patient dependencyis it iatrogenic? J Adv Nurs. 1985 Jan;10(1):63-9. OBrien GJ. The intuitive method of patient dependency. Nurs Times. 1986 Jun 4-10;82(23):57-61. Prescott PA, Ryan JW, Soeken KL, Castorr AH, Thompson KO, Phillips CY. The Patient Intensity for Nursing Index: a validity assessment. Res Nurs Health. 1991 Jun;14(3):213-21. Seelye A. Hospital ward layout and nurse staffing. J Adv Nurs. 1982 May;7(3):195-201. Tibby SM, Correa-West J, Durward A, Ferguson L, Murdoch IA. Adverse events in a paediatric intensive care unit: relationship to workload, skill mix and staff supervision. Intensive Care Med. 2004 Jun;30(6):1160-6. Epub 2004 Apr 6. Williams A. Dependency scoring in palliative care. Nurs Stand. 1995 Oct 25-31;10(5):27-30. For scoring systems Depatment of health – www.dh.gov.uk

hard :: essays research papers

Hard Times, by Charles Dickens, was a representation of his time. Times were hard for children and adults alike. People who questioned what they were taught, often went through struggles and â€Å"hard times.† Eventually, the people who were looked down were the ones who really helped those in need. Throughout the book, there are many ironic instances. Thomas Gradgrind was a man built on the idea that facts and statistics were the only truth in life and all that was needed to have a healthy and productive life. The only truth to him was his very own vision of the truth. Simple put, Thomas Gradgrind strived for perfection. He strived to be perfect, which is what his philosophy was based on, and he strived to make his children perfect and not to wonder. He raised his children never to wonder, never to doubt facts and to never entertain any vice or fancy. As soon as Gradgrind’s children were old enough to absorb, he was feeding giving more lessons than they could hold. His children were brought up only knowing one way to live and that was the idea that if it is not fact, then it is false. He was emotionaless as were his children because they were brought up only knowing what they were taught by him. Eventually, as Gradgrind’s children became older, what they were taught began to turn sour in their minds. Tom, Grandgrindà ¢â‚¬â„¢s son, began to despise his father and all he was taught and thus began to rebel. He took to smoking and gambling, which eventually led to his downfall. Tom had grown up to become a sycophantic, self-absorbed parasite. He had turned out the exact opposite as hoped. Thomas Gradgrind had raised his children never to wonder, but wondering intrigued them. Gradrgind had observed his children peeking into a circus tent because they were curious as to what was inside. The children were scolded for being curious, but seeds were planted into their minds of how there was more to life than what they had been taught. Futhermore, Tom, a usually well-behaved child, began to rebel after this incident. At first, he was rebelling in his mind, but eventually, after Tom moved out of his father’s house, so began his more visible rebellion. Once more, this is exactly what Mr. Gradgrind had tried to avoid whilst raising his children. When Tom Gradgrind was in serious trouble because of his gambling debts, he confided in his sister, Louisa.

Does ‘Pascal’s Wager’ Provide a Convincing Argument for Belief in God? Essay

Published in 1670 and named after French philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal; the philosophical theory of Pascal’s Wager reasons that to believe in God is a decision made in a time of uncertainty. The Wager also explains that whether or not God exists, we can estimate the outcome; an infinite reward or an infinite punishment. This suggests that the rational choice to live as if God exists is the better of the possible choices; yet, through reason alone, one cannot come to the knowledge of God’s existence. Many people’s beliefs may be in their own interest to hold, thinking, if we plan for the future it will pay off in the long run; or in other cases, we explain why somebody holds a belief by appealing to its causes. This being said, the idea of the Wager is deciding whether or not to believe in God and to consider the expected outcome for each of these options. I think that Pascal’s Wager is supposedly meant to provide reasons which would persuade any rational person that they should believe in God. However, I don’t think it is a valid argument, although it is convincing. The argument of Pascal’s Wager can be used for any God at all, so what happens if you pick the wrong God? Who is to say this God actually rewards belief and punishes those who do not believe? If we supposedly were to pick a god and it does exist, won’t this omniscient god know that we only believe just to be safe? Would our outcome still be an infinite reward, or would we not be rew arded for our fake belief? I don’t think we can be guaranteed any specific outcome, such as an infinite reward or infinite punishment, because if you believed in a god because you wanted to have chance on your side, then the God would know this, and would know that your belief was not real. The belief in God relies on assuming that the god described is real and has those characteristics. The argument of Pascal’s Wager begins with an assumption, and then appeals the same supposition as its conclusion. You have to believe this assumption in order to believe in God and if you do not believe the primary assumption about God already, then the argument should not convince you. Therefore, if there is no God, no afterlife, no continuation and you wasted your time maiming yourself and your kids, eating a restricted diet or giving your time to faking a belief in God, you have missed a lot in the only life you have. The only certain result of Pascal’s Wager is that one will pretend to believe, which is all one can do if they do not really believe. Yet, if there is a god, he would know that you are faking it so you would go to hell anyway. The Wager gives us an option to believe in God in times of uncertainty; suppose your dog who you love dearly lay next to you close to dying, and the vet offers to try a new drug to cure the dog, however, could not guarantee treatment. The drug has a 50-50 chance of saving your adored dog’s life. Would it be sensible to try it, even if it cost a bit of money? Supposing it was free, it would be unreasonable not to try it and reasonable to try it. This is an example understanding the Wager in a time of doubt and uncertainty; to believe in God not because your reason can prove with certainty that it is true that God exists but because your will pursues happiness, and God is your only chance of attaining happiness eternally. In my opinion, the argument of Pascal’s Wager, is not a valid argument, however, it is a convincing one. When you first hear Pascal’s Wager, it sounds good, but in fact, it depends on whether an individual chooses to believe.. Most disbelievers, such as me, question the Wager purely because we know of no persuasive evidence or reasons to believe; maybe proving the argument or showing some good evidence might convince unbelievers. To say it is in someone’s ‘best interest’ to believe in God is completely unsound, especially considering someone cannot sincerely choose to believe in something, just because it is rationally logical to do so. If you said all the right prayers and attended church on a regular basis, that still would not be the same thing as truly believing, any omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent God would see straight through that. . I do not think by act of will, that you can force yourself to believe that God exists. This argument is logically invalid, but people are afraid of an infinite punishment, or the final outcome of choosing to believe in god, therefore are easily convinced by rationally unsound arguments.

The contribution of infrastructure to Nigeria’s economic development and future prospects The WritePass Journal

The contribution of infrastructure to Nigeria’s economic development and future prospects Introduction The contribution of infrastructure to Nigeria’s economic development and future prospects ). There is therefore need for enhanced focus on the growth of the real sector, which in most cases is private sector driven and includes economic activities of a country’s citizenry. Herein lay the import of infrastructure development and the need for its aligned pursuit with financial sector development for enhanced national economic development. This research assesses the potential for utilizing infrastructure investment to enhance economic development in Nigeria, seeking to show need for enhanced focus on infrastructure investments to achieve the country’s desired economic growth and a positive future prospects. Aim of research This research proposes that there is significant potential for utilization of infrastructure investment to achieve enhance economic development of Nigeria. Through the assessment of this potential and analysis of government efforts towards managing infrastructure inadequacies, this research endeavours to answer the question: What is the potential for utilizing infrastructure investment to enhance economic development in Nigeria? It seeks to show that infrastructure investments are justifiable in the quest for economic growth and robust future economic development prospects for Nigeria. Research Objectives With regard to its overarching theme, this research aims to achieve the following objectives: To assess the correlation between infrastructure development and economic growth To assess infrastructure inadequacies in Nigeria impeding the country’s economic growth and what measures are being taken to address them. To evaluate impact of infrastructure development past and present on Nigeria’s future prospects and economic outlook. Structure of proposal Following is a review of literature which lays the foundation for the subject under study. It is followed by the research Methodology outlining techniques and approaches employed in the conduct of study. Literature review There is general consensus that there is a positive relationship between development in the financial sector and economic growth. While acknowledging that financial institutions provide the means to mobilize and allocate funds in the economy hence enhancing development, Schumpeter, in his 1934 work, did not perceive financial sector development as being the cause of economic development. Later in 1954, Robinson supports this view arguing that the financial sector is a handmaiden of economic development, which is passive and responds to needs in the real sector (which encompasses economic production including manufacturing) and therefore growth in the real economy (Masha et al, 2004). However, McKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) argue that the financial sector can be more than a passive handmaiden and a major driver of economic growth if it is relieved of its restraints. With repression, they argue that the financial sector responds passively to the needs in the real-sector and can only d rive economic development if liberalized. It is settled for most research work that there is a definite link, between growth in the financial sector and in the real sector (economic production). In an article in 2005, Asagowa identified close to ten indices of growth and deepening of the financial sector. These include rate of growth of all-encompassing money relative to GDP (diversification of the economy), interest rates spread, and ratio of financial assets to GDP, among others (Babatunde, et al, 2012). Infrastructure is a significant contributor to growth in sectors of the economy such as manufacturing and other forms of production easing and facilitating essential constituent processes. Financial sector reforms and economic development Up until the fourth quarter of 1986, Nigeria pursued a government-led economic development paradigm guided by National Development Plans. The government dominated all sectors of the economy including agriculture, commerce, services (especially transportation), and industry, among others, with the private sector playing a passive role. Since its independence in 1960 and subsequent discovery and exploitation of oil through the 1970s, the government had sufficient resources to finance these development plans to a reasonable proportion (World Bank, 2010). However, poor fiscal discipline consequent to the revenue windfalls deriving from oil saddled the nation with a significant external debt burden. The disregard of other sectors of the economy led to a fall in international trade, and as well resulted in high unemployment rates and slow growth of output. These led the government to rethink its underlying philosophy of development resulting in a shift in paradigm to a private sector-led paradigm. With this shift came relief of stringent regulations governing every sector which were put up to enhance government control but which impeded the enhancement of performance and growth (Akinyosoye, 2010). In 1984, therefore, a programme was fashioned called the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) which attempted to move the country away from direct government control of economic activities to indirect control such as through market forces. This involved widespread deregulation of trade, exchange, finance, among others. However, in spite of the increase in the number of financial institutions and greater variety of financial instruments and freedoms, the real economy showed no marked improvement with all macroeconomic indicators declining three years into the new millennium (World Bank, 2013). The country suffered debilitating external debt, high inflation (highest at 72.8% in 1995) (FMW, 2012: NNBS, 2013), high level of fiscal debt, underemployment and low capacity utilization in industry and agriculture. There was general distress also in the financial sector with high levels of insolvency and non-performing loans (Firzli and Bazi, 2011). Financial reforms have not been entirely su ccessful translating into economic growth to desired levels. In this regard, there is need for aligned pursuit of growth in the financial sector with that in the real sector, which is facilitated by infrastructure development. Herein lay the import of infrastructure development. Infrastructure and economic development Infrastructure is herein defined to include the sectors of transport, water and sanitation, telecommunications, power, among others. In all countries across the globe, this aspect represents a large portfolio of expenditure, ranging from a third to a half of public investment (Akinyosoye, 2010). Given the intense capital requirement and the length of time it takes for benefits to manifest, there has been concern and debate among economic policy makers, politicians and the general public regarding the performance of infrastructure and its impact on economic development (Patunola-Ajayi, 2013). However, AEO (2013) and WEF (2010) among others present a widespread agreement that the inadequacy of physical infrastructure in a country is among major constraints impeding sustained and broad-based economic development. There are various correlations between infrastructure and economic activity. In the short term, the construction phase is associated with attendant decision in the public sector that could have an influence on macroeconomic variables such as GDP, employment, public deficit, inflation, among others. The public investment thus expands aggregate demand, yielding a boost to employment, production and income (Patunola-Ajayi, 2013). In the medium and long term (the utilization phase), there are macroeconomic effects such as increases in productivity over the territory and in the private sector, as well as its effect on the degree of competitiveness of an economy (ADB, 2012; Foster and Briceno-Garmendia, 2010). Additionally, various benefits derive from infrastructure development. The availability of infrastructure influences the marginal productivity of private capital with investment of public capital in infrastructure in a particular location often attracting additional flow of resources (Akinyosoye, 2010; ADB, 2012). Infrastructure services such as transportation, electricity, and water are also intermediate inputs to production. Public capital invested in infrastructure therefore complements private capital and serves to enhance economic development (ADB, 2012; World Bank, 2010). Services thereby generated as a result of sufficiency of infrastructure translate into increased aggregate output. At the microeconomic level, the effect of infrastructure is specifically seen through the reduction in the cost of production derived from its impact on profitability, output levels, employment and incomes (Myers, 2007). This is particularly the case for small and medium scale enterprises. Extensive and efficient infrastructure is critical in ensuring effective functioning of the economy and is an important factor in the determination of the location of economic activity and the kind of sectors and/or economic activities that can develop in a particular economy (Patunola-Ajayi, 2013). There is also the intermediate input for economic development which encompasses higher productivity obtained from improved human capacity development. This can be attained through improvements in healthcare, nutrition, education, better roads and transportation, and access to electricity to households as well as telecommunication services which enable the creative engagement of citizens and access to core economic activities (Wilhelm, 2010; Akinyosoye, 2010). On a global scale, and regarding international trade (trade logistics), there is also an impact on the cost and quality of service which determine competitiveness in export and import markets. Infrastructure reduces the effect of distance between regions, enables the integration of national markets, and creates connections at lower cost to markets in other regions or countries (WEF, 2010; ADB, 2012; KPMG, 2012). A remarkable positive effect of infrastructure development has been adduced by models such as the Cobb-Douglas which yield a median value of 0.30. This means that public investment equivalent to 100% of the public capital stock would lead to a 300% growth of private production (Babatunde, et al, 2012). Investment in infrastructure is therefore among the important mechanisms through which to increase income, employment, productivity, and consequently, the competitiveness of the economy. Infrastructure development in Nigeria Nigeria’s economic growth is largely driven by the capital-intensive oil sector which continues to drive the economy. The average growth of this sector was about 8% comparable to -0.35% for the non-oil sectors (NNBS, 2013). Given its limited job creation capacity, focus on this sector has not translated into sufficient jobs resulting in poverty and disenfranchisement of the greater population and, therefore, the country’s low rank in the Human Development Index (HDI) (NNBS, 2013; The Guardian, 2012). In this regard, King, 2003; FMW, 2012 and AEO, 2013; show that economic growth has not translated into sufficient job creation and/or poverty alleviation with unemployment increasing from 21% in 2010 to 24% in 2011 (King, 2003; NNBS, 2013). The countrys outlook for growth remains positive, though, with an annual economic growth rate of about 8% (KPMG, 2011; NNBS, 2013), and an anticipated GDP growth rate of about 12% in the next five years (NNBS, 2013; AEO, 2013). This outlook pegs its vision 20:2020s aspiration to achieve a GDP of $900 billion (FMW, 2012; NNBS, 2013) predicated on improved sectoral performance, the propulsion of a better business environment, and supportive government policies focused on stability in the macroeconomic environment and increased investment. This is however challenged by short and medium term downside risks which include security challenges due to religious conflict in some of its states, slowed global economic growth in major economies of the world and the crisis of the Eurozone (Olaseni and Alade, 2012). There is therefore a great need to diversify the Nigerian economy making it broad-based (both socially and geographically) and to expand the sources of growth. The development of agriculture, manufacturing and services could enable the broadening of growth, creation of employment and reduction of poverty (AEO, 2013). The country is therefore addressing the infrastructure deficit in the country to create linkages and to enable such diversification which would enable inclusive growth (FMW, 2012). Infrastructure made a one percentage point net contribution to the countrys improved per capita growth performance in recent years (NNBS, 2013), notably held back by unreliable power supply (Olaseni and Alade, 2012). In spite of the obvious importance of infrastructure to the nation, governments both at the national and local levels have continued to pay lip service to the provision of infrastructure (Financial News, 2014). As a consequence, the countrys growth prospect is undermined. The following section offers a glimpse at some of the countrys major infrastructure inadequacies. Inadequacies in infrastructure development Urban housing Lack of proper planning and management of rapid urbanization has led to uncontrolled growth in major cities and towns to accommodate an informal economy which stands at 60-70%. This has had a negative impact on the landscapes of urban centres, leading to decay of inner cities, growth of shanty towns especially in peri-urban areas, consequently limiting their contribution to the national economy being inimical to security and good governance (UN Habitat, 2010). Transport Throughout the country, roads are neglected, particularly those connecting major cities, the sea port and commercial centres to the hinterland which are bad and deteriorating. Efforts at repair are often in vain due to the use of substandard materials. Though having the potential to provide a cheaper means of transport, the existing rail network is old and dilapidated, having served half a century after being built by the British colonial government (ADB, 2012). Attempts to procure new coaches or to create new routes have not succeeded. This has fostered the development of a disorganized and unregulated private sector freight and passenger road transport system, which has resulted in traffic congestion in cities, increase in motor accidents, and environmental pollution (UN Habitat, 2010). Given Nigerias endowment of waterways and long stretches of coast with potential for transportation, this option, which could ease congestion on roads and aid easier movements, is neglected and the water ways are left undeveloped. There are only a few canoe and ferry routes which are ill-equipped having no good jetties, harbours, safer boats or ferries. The recently refurbished mini-port at Ikorodu, Lagos State provides relief to commuters going through the Ikorodu-Lagos-Lekki road where they now only cross by ferry to Ajah (Akinyosoye, 2010). This is evidence of potential and should be replicated across the country. Transportation of heavy cargo through waterways can save pressure on roads. There have been recent attempts to improve/ renovate airports which have for a long time remained in deplorable condition, and to address the challenge of adequate capacity. Travelling by air is still expensive in Nigeria compared to international standards with charter options such as helicopter, cargo and passenger planes largely untapped. Air transport has the exceptional advantage in terms of speed, time of travel and distance considerations. It is also of high value in relation to weight and is preferred when accessibility is a challenge (Akinyosoye, 2010). Electricity supply Though it forms a significant avenue for economic empowerment of the people and country as a whole, the power crisis in Nigeria persists. Irregular supply impedes production and manufacturing and consequently some entities have had to relocate leading to loss of employment opportunities (UN Habitat, 2010). The country currently generates 4000MW which is inadequate compared to South Africa’s 34000MW (Olaseni and Alade, 2012). There are however efforts and resources being planned in the medium term towards enhancement of power supply but quite a lot needs to be done given the importance of power in economic development and well-being of citizens who make use of generators for their power requirements (Olaseni and Alade, 2012). Water supply infrastructure Population pressure has strained water supply capacity with damaged supply pipes, deteriorating water treatment infrastructure and erratic power supply challenging the supply of safe water to the population. To many, the main sources of water are boreholes, wells, springs, flowing rivers, and brooks whose safety for human consumption is not guaranteed. Poor sanitation and consequent diseases impacts overall health and well-being of citizens and their productivity (UN Habitat, 2010). Communication The emergence of cellular phones has revolutionized the public and private business environment, bridging communication gaps that hitherto existed. There has subsequently been a reduction in unproductive business trips and an enhancement of transactions. High prices of service and poor reception, inadequate capacity and coverage however need to be addressed for this aspect to facilitate expected economic growth (Financial News, 2014). There is obviously greater need for the Nigerian government and constituent states to develop adequate and effective infrastructure. This requires a more strategic approach to tackle its dearth which has been deemed to constrain the required economic development. There needs to be robust strategic planning, strong political will, as well as the right procurement approach to achieve long term success (Akinyosoye, 2010; AEO, 2013). According to World Bank (2013) estimates, Nigeria’s vision and aspiration to attain middle income status by 2020 requires sustained investment in infrastructure of about $14.2 billion over the next decade which is about 12% of its GDP. The current investment is $5.9 billion (5% of GDP) (NNBS, 2013) falls short. Expenditure on food imports is a significant at $90 billion a year (NNBS, 2013; World Bank, 2013) and is unnecessary given Nigeria’s potential in agriculture, taking up resources that could finance infrastructure development (World Bank, 2013). Reducing this bill requires investment in enabling infrastructure such as rural energy, transport systems, telecommunication and irrigation systems. However, much of Nigeria’s impetus for rural development will derive from investments at the level of the State though such infrastructure run by the State and government is prone to low maintenance and support, hindering efficiency and effectiveness (Olaseni and Alade, 2012). Current development of public infrastructure is occurring in tandem with a huge expansion of private sector developments, particularly in the property market (ADB, 2012). Continued urbanization and an emerging middle class, as well as a shortfall in quality office space for investor companies are key drivers for this wave of real estate development (KPMG, 2011; FMW, 2012). The success of ambitious infrastructure developments is likely to increase investors appetite to expand their operations and capture the anticipated growth, portends significant potential for economic growth (AEO, 2013). Methodology Research Philosophy This study employs a pragmatic philosophy which embraces both positivism in its opening up and confirming valid causal relationships which can therefore be used for prediction; and subjectivism which appreciates the difference between humans as social actors, with varied views of reality, values and knowledge (Creswell, 2002). Focus in this regard is on observable phenomena and their subjective meanings driving applied research integrating different perspectives to help in the interpretation of data. Study Technique and Strategy Given the contextual nature of the study and its focus being an attempt to gauge the impact of infrastructure development on Nigeria’s economy, a qualitative inductive approach is deemed to be a suitable approach enabling a detailed exploration of the subject (Quirke, B., 2008). The inductive approach is useful in condensing varied and extensive data into a brief and summarized format while establishing links between research objectives and findings obtained (Saunders et al., 2000). This technique involves the exploration of published literature on the subject including government reports, working papers, as well as journals and other relevant literature. This research also employs a quantitative technique in the conduct of interviews in a social survey to targeted experts in Nigeria’s development ministry as well as government leaders in sample states. This would enable the acquisition of information on actual infrastructure investment and development, cross-checked to the particular region by local officials towards the realization of study objectives. This would also enable the acquisition of opinions and information on the actual contribution of infrastructure to increased economic activity in the various regions, and/or the enhancement of life which is a precursor to increased productivity. Practical Implementation The targeted experts chosen for the survey include random sample of 20 officials in the national Federal Government in charge of oversight of infrastructure development in the country’s 36 Federal States and the administrative areas of the Federal Capital territory and urban councils. This will enable the attainment of a comprehensive view of projects and prospects given that they comprise the control centre for the entire nation, and arebetter placed to notice and to identify increases in economic activity reflected in increase in revenues to Local government areas and urban councils, and tax revenues to the nation state. This survey will take the form of a structured interview administered by the researcher, a method which ensures consistency of results obtained and answers that can reliably be aggregated. Its format is as appears in Appendix: A comprising both closed- and open-ended questions which afford the research the capability to compare and/or contrast interviewee responses in order to answer the research question (Creswell, 2002). Analysis approach Data obtained from interviews will be analysed using SPSS which enables the production of graphs which would enable the study to show correlations between infrastructure development and increase in economic activity (growth in the real sector) which enables evaluation of its actual or potential impact. A wide and extensive exploration of literature, as well as congruence on the ground as assessed by target experts enhances reliability and validity of data obtained (Creswell, 2002). The choice of a representative sample from across the entire country enhances the study’s generalizability and thereofore its capacity to make comprehensive deductions on the subject (Creswell, 2002; Saunders et al., 2000). Findings showing an increase in economic activities in areas recently served by new or improved infrastructure; entry of medium and large scale investors to locations supported by actual or prospective infrastructure investments; as well as increases in local and federal government revenues signify the contribution of infrastructure investments in increased economic activity engaging the population in the regions and overall expansion in the real sector. These are expected to translate to economic growth and positive future prospects for economic development. Limitations of study Assessment of the impact and actual correlation of infrastructure development on economic growth might be a challenge given the length of time with which the utilization of infrastructure translates into tangible economic activity and causes observable effect on the country’s economy. Economic growth of a country depends on the interplay of several factors including financial deepening, investor confidence, the encouragement of various economic activities, among other socio-cultural and policy factors. The isolation of the contribution of infrastructure development is therefore a challenge and might affect the outcome of this research. Ethical Considerations It is imperative in research to ensure that the survey approach and activities do not portend psychological or social harm to interviewees. An initial important and significant step is in ensuring that the researcher seeks informed consent from the particular interviewees and as well from their superiors in departments or other actors whose areas of duty and responsibility may be touched by the inquiry. This would ensure that there are no breaches in confidentiality, and also ensures that interviewees are not put in tight spots and forced to discuss sensitive areas and information which may be of psychological harm. The researcher should also be keen to note potential language barriers and cultural practices such as cultural gender power disparities that may impede the smooth progress of the interview and which may also negatively impact the interviewees making them feel incompetent or hindered in their participation. In such cases, the researcher should seek support of interpreters and agreeable individuals to help out in the conduct of the interview enhancing comfort and therefore output. Alongside the above considerations, it is also worthwhile to ensure that time set aside for interviews and other activities such as prior meetings is properly consented to both by management or superiors in the relevant departments in which the interviewers are, as well as by the interviewees themselves. This would ensure that the interviews and related activities do not infringe on official or personal schedules, as well as personal, cultural or religious preferences or obligations. The interviewee should also be informed of their right to answer a particular question or to terminate the interview altogether. The researcher in this study therefore in the foregoing will endeavour to obtain proper consent for study survey; respect privacy and goodwill of participants by not asking hypersensitive or confidential information; respect cultural norms and individual preferences of interviewees; ensure the confidentiality of data collected protecting it from access by third parties, and, to honestly and accurately report information obtained from the survey, avoiding the identification of interviewees if they wish that their identity be waived. Conclusion Reform in Nigeria’s financial sector is inadequate for economic development if the economy is not diversified and if citizens are not engaged in worthwhile economic activity. For the government to achieve this shift there needs to be a focus on infrastructure development, which would encourage private investments, enhance well-being of citizens, reduce existing constraints, and overall increase in economic activity which contribute to economic growth. Further research is required to clearly show correlations between investment in infrastructure and economic growth and future economic prospects. This would enable its effects to be isolated from among other factors such as financial deepening which are also essential for economic growth and development. References African Development Bank, 2012. An Infrastructure Action Plan for Nigeria: Closing the Infrastructure Gap and Accelerating Economic Transformation. ADB Group report Africa Economic Outlook, 2013. Nigeria Economic Outlook. AEO Report Akinyosoye, M., 2010. Infrastructure Development in Nigeria: Roadmap to Sustainable Development. 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